diff --git a/lib/plugins.js b/lib/plugins.js
index e87dd007..1e4c31be 100644
--- a/lib/plugins.js
+++ b/lib/plugins.js
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ exports.cashOut = function cashOut (session, tx, cb) {
 }
 
 exports.dispenseAck = function dispenseAck (session, rec) {
-  db.addDispense(session, rec.tx, rec.cartridges)
+  return db.addDispense(session, rec.tx, rec.cartridges)
 }
 
 exports.fiatBalance = function fiatBalance (cryptoCode) {
@@ -413,10 +413,7 @@ function processTxStatus (tx) {
       if (tx.status === status) return resolve()
       const confirm = (status === 'instant' && tx.status !== 'confirmed') ||
         (status === 'confirmed' && tx.status !== 'instant')
-      db.updateTxStatus(tx, status, confirm, function (_err) {
-        if (_err) logger.error(err)
-        resolve()
-      })
+      db.updateTxStatus(tx, status, confirm).then(resolve).catch(reject)
     })
   })
 }
@@ -438,25 +435,22 @@ function notifyConfirmation (tx) {
 
 function monitorLiveIncoming () {
   const statuses = ['notSeen', 'published', 'insufficientFunds']
-  db.fetchOpenTxs(statuses, STALE_INCOMING_TX_AGE, function (err, txs) {
-    if (err) return
-    txs.forEach(processTxStatus)
-  })
+  db.fetchOpenTxs(statuses, STALE_INCOMING_TX_AGE)
+  .then(txs => txs.forEach(processTxStatus))
+  .catch(err => logger.error(err))
 }
 
 function monitorIncoming () {
   const statuses = ['notSeen', 'published', 'authorized', 'instant', 'rejected', 'insufficientFunds']
-  db.fetchOpenTxs(statuses, STALE_INCOMING_TX_AGE, function (err, txs) {
-    if (err) return
-    txs.forEach(processTxStatus)
-  })
+  db.fetchOpenTxs(statuses, STALE_INCOMING_TX_AGE)
+  .then(txs => txs.forEach(processTxStatus))
+  .catch(err => logger.error(err))
 }
 
 function monitorUnnotified () {
-  db.fetchUnnotifiedTxs(MAX_NOTIFY_AGE, MIN_NOTIFY_AGE, function (err, txs) {
-    if (err) return
-    txs.forEach(notifyConfirmation)
-  })
+  db.fetchUnnotifiedTxs(MAX_NOTIFY_AGE, MIN_NOTIFY_AGE)
+  .then(txs => txs.forEach(notifyConfirmation))
+  .catch(err => logger.error(err))
 }
 
 /*
@@ -776,8 +770,8 @@ exports.fetchTx = function fetchTx (session) {
   return db.fetchTx(session)
 }
 
-exports.requestDispense = function requestDispense (session, tx) {
-  return db.addDispenseRequest(session, tx)
+exports.requestDispense = function requestDispense (tx) {
+  return db.addDispenseRequest(tx)
 }
 
 exports.cachedResponse = function (session, path, method) {
diff --git a/lib/postgresql_interface.js b/lib/postgresql_interface.js
index 5c4676fd..0385dbe1 100644
--- a/lib/postgresql_interface.js
+++ b/lib/postgresql_interface.js
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 'use strict'
 
-// TODO: Consider using serializable transactions for true ACID
-
 var BigNumber = require('bignumber.js')
 var pg = require('pg')
-var async = require('async')
 
 var logger = require('./logger')
 
@@ -26,7 +23,7 @@ function isLowSeverity (err) {
 
 var conString = null
 
-function getInsertQuery (tableName, fields, hasId) {
+function getInsertQuery (tableName, fields) {
   // outputs string like: '$1, $2, $3...' with proper No of items
   var placeholders = fields.map(function (_, i) {
     return '$' + (i + 1)
@@ -37,8 +34,6 @@ function getInsertQuery (tableName, fields, hasId) {
     ' VALUES' +
     ' (' + placeholders + ')'
 
-  if (hasId) query += ' RETURNING id'
-
   return query
 }
 
@@ -86,7 +81,7 @@ exports.recordBill = function recordBill (session, rec, cb) {
 
   connect(function (cerr, client, done) {
     if (cerr) return cb(cerr)
-    query(client, getInsertQuery('bills', fields, false), values, function (err) {
+    query(client, getInsertQuery('bills', fields), values, function (err) {
       done()
       if (err && isUniqueViolation(err)) {
         logger.warn('Attempt to report bill twice')
@@ -127,29 +122,7 @@ function query (client, queryStr, values, cb) {
   })
 }
 
-function insertIncoming (client, session, tx, cryptoAtoms, fiat, cb) {
-  var fields = ['session_id', 'device_fingerprint', 'to_address',
-    'crypto_atoms', 'crypto_code', 'currency_code', 'fiat', 'tx_hash',
-    'phone', 'error'
-  ]
-
-  var values = [
-    session.id,
-    session.fingerprint,
-    tx.toAddress,
-    cryptoAtoms.toString(),
-    tx.currencyCode,
-    tx.cryptoCode,
-    fiat,
-    tx.txHash,
-    tx.phone,
-    tx.error
-  ]
-
-  query(client, getInsertQuery('cash_out_txs', fields), values, cb)
-}
-
-function insertOutgoing (client, session, tx, cryptoAtoms, fiat, cb) {
+exports.addOutgoingTx = function addOutgoingTx (session, tx, cb) {
   var fields = ['session_id', 'device_fingerprint', 'to_address',
     'crypto_atoms', 'crypto_code', 'currency_code', 'fiat', 'tx_hash',
     'fee', 'phone', 'error'
@@ -159,28 +132,17 @@ function insertOutgoing (client, session, tx, cryptoAtoms, fiat, cb) {
     session.id,
     session.fingerprint,
     tx.toAddress,
-    cryptoAtoms.toString(),
+    tx.cryptoAtoms.toString(),
     tx.cryptoCode,
     tx.currencyCode,
-    fiat,
+    tx.fiat,
     tx.txHash,
     null,
     tx.phone,
     tx.error
   ]
 
-  query(client, getInsertQuery('cash_in_txs', fields), values, cb)
-}
-
-// Calling function should only send bitcoins if result.cryptoAtomsToSend > 0
-exports.addOutgoingTx = function addOutgoingTx (session, tx, cb) {
-  connect(function (cerr, client, done) {
-    if (cerr) return cb(cerr)
-
-    var cryptoAtoms = tx.cryptoAtoms
-    var fiat = tx.fiat
-    insertOutgoing(client, session, tx, cryptoAtoms, fiat, cb)
-  })
+  return pquery(getInsertQuery('cash_in_txs', fields), values)
 }
 
 exports.sentCoins = function sentCoins (session, tx, toSend, fee, error, txHash) {
@@ -189,13 +151,28 @@ exports.sentCoins = function sentCoins (session, tx, toSend, fee, error, txHash)
 }
 
 exports.addInitialIncoming = function addInitialIncoming (session, tx, cb) {
-  connect(function (cerr, client, done) {
-    if (cerr) return cb(cerr)
-    insertIncoming(client, session, tx, tx.cryptoAtoms, tx.fiat, cb)
-  })
+  var fields = ['session_id', 'device_fingerprint', 'to_address',
+    'crypto_atoms', 'crypto_code', 'currency_code', 'fiat', 'tx_hash',
+    'phone', 'error'
+  ]
+
+  var values = [
+    session.id,
+    session.fingerprint,
+    tx.toAddress,
+    tx.cryptoAtoms.toString(),
+    tx.currencyCode,
+    tx.cryptoCode,
+    tx.fiat,
+    tx.txHash,
+    tx.phone,
+    tx.error
+  ]
+
+  return pquery(getInsertQuery('cash_out_txs', fields), values)
 }
 
-function insertDispense (client, session, tx, cartridges, cb) {
+function insertDispense (session, tx, cartridges, cb) {
   var fields = [
     'device_fingerprint', 'session_id',
     'dispense1', 'reject1', 'count1',
@@ -212,28 +189,29 @@ function insertDispense (client, session, tx, cartridges, cb) {
   var count1 = cartridges[0].count
   var count2 = cartridges[1].count
   var values = [
-    session.fingerprint, session.id,
+    session.fingerprint, tx.sessionId,
     dispense1, reject1, count1, dispense2, reject2, count2,
     false, tx.error
   ]
-  client.query(sql, values, cb)
+
+  return pquery(sql, values)
 }
 
 exports.addIncomingPhone = function addIncomingPhone (session, tx, notified, cb) {
-  var sql = 'UPDATE transactions SET phone=$1, notified=$2 ' +
-    'WHERE device_fingerprint=$3 AND session_id=$4 ' +
-    'AND phone IS NULL'
+  var sql = `UPDATE cash_out_txs SET phone=$1, notified=$2
+    WHERE session_id=$3
+    AND phone IS NULL`
+  var values = [tx.phone, notified, session.fingerprint, tx.sessionId]
 
-  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-    connect(function (cerr, client, done) {
-      if (cerr) return reject(cerr)
-      var values = [tx.phone, notified, session.fingerprint, tx.sessionId]
-      query(client, sql, values, function (err, results) {
-        done(err)
-        if (err) return reject(err)
-        resolve({noPhone: results.rowCount === 0})
-      })
-    })
+  return pquery(sql, values)
+  .then(results => {
+    const noPhone = results.rowCount === 0
+    const sql2 = 'insert into cash_out_actions (session_id, action) values ($1, $2)'
+
+    if (noPhone) return {noPhone: noPhone}
+
+    return pquery(sql2, [tx.sessionId, 'addedPhone'])
+    .then(() => ({noPhone: noPhone}))
   })
 }
 
@@ -269,63 +247,34 @@ exports.fetchPhoneTxs = function fetchPhoneTxs (phone, dispenseTimeout) {
 }
 
 exports.fetchTx = function fetchTx (session) {
-  var sql = 'SELECT * FROM cash_out_txs ' +
-    'WHERE device_fingerprint=$1 AND session_id=$2'
+  const sql = 'SELECT * FROM cash_out_txs WHERE session_id=$1'
 
-  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-    connect(function (cerr, client, done) {
-      if (cerr) return reject(cerr)
-      var values = [session.fingerprint, session.id]
-      query(client, sql, values, function (err, results) {
-        done()
-        if (err) return reject(err)
-        resolve(normalizeTxs(results.rows)[0])
-      })
-    })
-  })
+  return pquery(sql, [session.id])
+  .then(r => normalizeTxs(r.rows)[0])
 }
 
-exports.addDispenseRequest = function addDispenseRequest (session, tx) {
-  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-    connect(function (cerr, client, done) {
-      if (cerr) return reject(cerr)
+exports.addDispenseRequest = function addDispenseRequest (tx) {
+  const sql = 'update cash_out_txs set dispensed=$1 where session_id=$2 and dispensed=$3'
+  const values = [true, tx.sessionId, false]
 
-      const originalSession = {id: tx.sessionId, fingerprint: session.fingerprint}
-      async.waterfall([
-        async.apply(updateDispense, client, originalSession, true),
-        async.apply(insertIncoming, client, originalSession, tx, 0, tx.fiat)
-      ], function (err) {
-        done()
+  return pquery(sql, values)
+  .then(results => {
+    const alreadyDispensed = results.rowCount === 0
+    if (alreadyDispensed) return {dispense: false, reason: 'alreadyDispensed'}
 
-        if (err) return reject(err)
-        resolve()
-      })
-    })
-  })
-}
+    const sql2 = 'insert into cash_out_actions (session_id, action) values ($1, $2)'
 
-function updateDispense (client, session, dispensed, cb) {
-  var sql = 'UPDATE transactions SET dispensed=$1 ' +
-    'WHERE device_fingerprint=$2 AND session_id=$3'
-  var values = [dispensed, session.fingerprint, session.id]
-  query(client, sql, values, function (err, results) {
-    if (err) return cb(err)
-    if (results.rowCount === 0) return cb(new Error('No pending tx'))
-    cb()
+    return pquery(sql2, [tx.sessionId, 'dispenseRequested'])
+    .then(() => ({dispense: true}))
   })
 }
 
 exports.addDispense = function addDispense (session, tx, cartridges) {
-  connect(function (cerr, client, done) {
-    if (cerr) return
+  return insertDispense(session, tx, cartridges)
+  .then(() => {
+    const sql2 = 'insert into cash_out_actions (session_id, action) values ($1, $2)'
 
-    async.waterfall([
-      async.apply(insertIncoming, client, session, tx, 0, tx.fiat),
-      async.apply(insertDispense, client, session, tx, cartridges)
-    ], function (err) {
-      done()
-      if (err) logger.error(err)
-    })
+    return pquery(sql2, [tx.sessionId, 'dispensed'])
   })
 }
 
@@ -351,7 +300,7 @@ exports.machineEvent = function machineEvent (rec, cb) {
   connect(function (cerr, client, done) {
     if (cerr) return cb(cerr)
     var fields = ['id', 'device_fingerprint', 'event_type', 'note', 'device_time']
-    var sql = getInsertQuery('machine_events', fields, false)
+    var sql = getInsertQuery('machine_events', fields)
     var values = [rec.id, rec.fingerprint, rec.eventType, rec.note, rec.deviceTime]
 
     var deleteSql = 'DELETE FROM machine_events WHERE (EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (now() - created))) * 1000 > $1'
@@ -403,36 +352,21 @@ exports.fetchOpenTxs = function fetchOpenTxs (statuses, age, cb) {
   'WHERE ((EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (now() - created))) * 1000)<$1 ' +
   'AND status IN ' + _statuses
 
-  connect(function (cerr, client, done) {
-    if (cerr) return cb(cerr)
-
-    query(client, sql, [age], function (err, results) {
-      done()
-      if (err) return cb(err)
-      cb(null, normalizeTxs(results.rows))
-    })
-  })
+  return pquery(sql, [age])
+  .then(r => normalizeTxs(r.rows))
 }
 
 exports.fetchUnnotifiedTxs = function fetchUnnotifiedTxs (age, waitPeriod, cb) {
-  var sql = 'SELECT * ' +
-  'FROM transactions ' +
-  'WHERE ((EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (now() - created))) * 1000)<$1 ' +
-  'AND notified=$2 AND dispensed=$3 ' +
-  'AND phone IS NOT NULL ' +
-  "AND status IN ('instant', 'confirmed') " +
-  'AND (redeem=$4 OR ((EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (now() - created))) * 1000)>$5)'
+  var sql = `SELECT *
+  FROM cash_out_txs
+  WHERE ((EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (now() - created))) * 1000)<$1
+  AND notified=$2 AND dispensed=$3
+  AND phone IS NOT NULL
+  AND status IN ('instant', 'confirmed')
+  AND (redeem=$4 OR ((EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (now() - created))) * 1000)>$5)`
 
-  connect(function (cerr, client, done) {
-    if (cerr) return cb(cerr)
-
-    var values = [age, false, false, true, waitPeriod]
-    query(client, sql, values, function (err, results) {
-      done()
-      if (err) return cb(err)
-      cb(null, normalizeTxs(results.rows))
-    })
-  })
+  return pquery(sql, [age, false, false, true, waitPeriod])
+  .then(r => normalizeTxs(r.rows))
 }
 
 function pquery (sql, values) {
@@ -450,45 +384,37 @@ function pquery (sql, values) {
 
 exports.updateTxStatus = function updateTxStatus (tx, status, confirm) {
   var sql = confirm
-  ? 'UPDATE transactions SET status=$1, confirmation_time=now() WHERE id=$2'
-  : 'UPDATE transactions SET status=$1 WHERE id=$2'
+  ? 'UPDATE cash_out_txs SET status=$1, confirmation_time=now() WHERE session_id=$2'
+  : 'UPDATE cash_out_txs SET status=$1 WHERE session_id=$2'
 
-  var values = [status, tx.id]
+  var values = [status, tx.sessionId]
 
   return pquery(sql, values)
+  .then(() => {
+    const sql2 = 'insert into cash_out_actions (session_id, action) values ($1, $2)'
+    return pquery(sql2, [tx.sessionId, status])
+  })
 }
 
 exports.updateRedeem = function updateRedeem (session, cb) {
-  var sql = 'UPDATE transactions SET redeem=$1 ' +
-  'WHERE device_fingerprint=$2 AND session_id=$3'
+  var sql = 'UPDATE cash_out_txs SET redeem=$1 WHERE session_id=$2'
+  var values = [true, session.id]
 
-  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-    connect(function (cerr, client, done) {
-      if (cerr) return reject(cerr)
-      var values = [true, session.fingerprint, session.id]
-      query(client, sql, values, function (err) {
-        done(err)
-        if (err) return reject(err)
-        resolve()
-      })
-    })
+  return pquery(sql, values)
+  .then(() => {
+    const sql2 = 'insert into cash_out_actions (session_id, action) values ($1, $2)'
+    return pquery(sql2, [session.id, 'redeem'])
   })
 }
 
 exports.updateNotify = function updateNotify (tx) {
-  var sql = 'UPDATE transactions SET notified=$1 ' +
-  'WHERE id=$2'
+  var sql = 'UPDATE cash_out_txs SET notified=$1 WHERE session_id=$2'
+  var values = [true, tx.sessionId]
 
-  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-    connect(function (cerr, client, done) {
-      if (cerr) return reject(cerr)
-      var values = [true, tx.id]
-      query(client, sql, values, function (err) {
-        done(err)
-        if (err) return reject(err)
-        resolve()
-      })
-    })
+  return pquery(sql, values)
+  .then(() => {
+    const sql2 = 'insert into cash_out_actions (session_id, action) values ($1, $2)'
+    return pquery(sql2, [tx.sessionId, 'notified'])
   })
 }
 
@@ -544,14 +470,3 @@ exports.cacheResponse = function (session, path, method, body) {
 
   return pquery(sql, values)
 }
-
-/*
-exports.init('postgres://lamassu:lamassu@localhost/lamassu')
-connect(function(err, client, done) {
-  var sql = 'select * from transactions where id=$1'
-  query(client, sql, [130], function(_err, results) {
-    done()
-    console.dir(results.rows[0])
-  })
-})
-*/
diff --git a/lib/routes.js b/lib/routes.js
index 5b74160c..de32186d 100644
--- a/lib/routes.js
+++ b/lib/routes.js
@@ -269,11 +269,12 @@ function waitForDispense (req, res) {
 
 function dispense (req, res) {
   const tx = req.body.tx
-  const body = {dispense: true}
 
-  return plugins.requestDispense(session(req), tx)
-  .then(() => cacheResponse(req, body))
-  .then(() => res.json(body))
+  return plugins.requestDispense(tx)
+  .then(r => {
+    return cacheResponse(req, r)
+    .then(() => res.json(r))
+  })
   .catch(err => {
     logger.error(err)
     res.sendStatus(500)
diff --git a/todo.txt b/todo.txt
index 2844c1a6..6eff1e50 100644
--- a/todo.txt
+++ b/todo.txt
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 - test cash out
-- l-m shouldn't keep polling l-s when not on pending screen
+- l-m shouldn't keep polling l-s when not on pending screen (low priority)